{{article:6615}}{{article:6635}} Flauto vascolare a condotto d’aria interno (421.221.41). Questa denominazione si applica alle anfore archeologiche americane realizzate in ceramica che contengono uno o due fischietti. Le anfore sono formate da uno o più scompartimenti — collegati o no fra loro — i quali adottano frequentemente configurazioni fito, zoo e antropomorfiche. I fischietti hanno proporzioni ridotte in relazione alla dimensione totale del pezzo. La loro posizione in esso è variabile. Si presentano isolati o comunicanti con il resto del recipiente e… 

{{article:6614}}{{article:6634}}   Liuto a cassa, a spiedo (321.312-5-6). Discende del sanxian cinese, introdotto nel 1390 nell’arcipelago giapponese di Okinawa, centro dell’antico regno di Ryukyu. Come il suo predecessore, possiede un manico lungo e sottile, senza tasti. Questo si prolunga in un puntale o spiedo che attraversa la cassa di risonanza rettangolare. La medesima si costruisce con tavola armonica e fondo di pelle di serpente, in generale pitone, affinché coprano le fasce di legno. La denominazione di questo liuto dovuta al… 

{{article:6613}}{{article:6633}}   Timpano-sonaglio (211.11-91 +112.13). Tradizionalmente il corpo è costituito da un pezzo di legno scavato a forma di piatto semisferico. Si può anche sostituire il legno con una zucca o una cassa metallica. Nel suo interno si inseriscono, con peso simbolico, pezzettini di vetro o sassolini ed altri piccoli oggetti (piume, erbe medicinali, monete d’argento, ecc.), sempre in numero di quattro o di multipli di quattro. La membrana di pelle, che chiude la cassa, presenta al bordo un cerchio… 

{{article:6612}}{{article:6632}} Sonagli vascolari, a scuotimento (112.13). Strumento boscimano composto da due reste di quarantacinque e cinquanta ricettacoli. Questi sono bozzoli della specie delle farfalle mophani cacoons, raschiati con erba, aventi sostanze urticanti, per eliminare i peli. Le loro larve, aperte e sventrate, vengono riempite di pezzetti di uova di struzzo. Successivamente, allo scopo di unirle di nuovo, vengono sotterrati nella sabbia umida, quinde si infilano in cordicelle di fibra vegetale. I sonagli ricoprono importanti funzioni durante le cerimonie rituali, terapeutiche… 

{{article:6631}}{{article:6671}} End-blown flute without duct (421.111.12). It is made of totara, the wood most frequently used by the Maori for manual work. The distance among the three fingerholes is determined by measuring it with the phalanxes. As regards ornamentation, a profile of the maker’s ancestors (Hemi Ferghus) is carved in relief alongside the flute at whose ends a band representing sea waves is cut. When the kooauau is not played, it is hung round the neck by means of a… 

{{article:6630}}{{article:6670}}   End-blown natural trumpet without mouthpiece (423.121.11). The didjeridu consists of a piece of hollow eucalyptus whose blow-hole is covered with resin. The instrument is end-blown, the performer being able to combine megaphone and trumpet techniques. While in the second case, one or two sounds are produced, in the first case, the player articulates syllables, which accounts for the onomatopoeic name of the instrument. The ornamentation used by the maker — Bob Muldubal — is similar to that of… 

{{article:6629}}{{article:6669}} Double clarinet (422.22). Its typological origin may be traced up to the memet of Ancient Egypt, first documented ca. 2700 a.C. Since the New Empire, this type of clarinet and, later, its descendants were connected with folk music. Nowadays these instruments are spread out in many countries of the Arab World, bearing different names according to their localization and the variants in the make. Basically, the zummara consists of two parallel cylindrical canes with one or two sections and,… 

{{article:6628}}{{article:6668}}   End-blown flute with internal duct (421.221.12). It is the most popular instrument among the Basques. These people consider it a symbol of their race, though there are other typical instruments in the region. It is present almost in all feasts and found anywhere in the world where there are representatives of Euzkadi (Basque country). By extension, the player of txistulari is a person of great importance in the social life of the Basques. The body, splindle-shaped externally, is… 

{{article:6627}}{{article:6667}}   End-blown natural trumpet without mouthpiece (423.121.21). The only Hebrew cult instrument still used at present. According to the rabbinic tradition, the shofar symbolizes the ram sacrified by the patriarch Abraham instead of this son Isaac. The left horn of this ram was the one heard on Mt. Sinai (Exodus XIX: 13, 16, 19); this is the first time the shofar is mentioned in the Old Testament. The right horn will announce the day of the Last Juddgement (Isaiah… 

{{article:6626}}{{article:6666}} Friction drum with tied stick (231.2-91). Probably, this kind of membranophone was mentioned for the first time in Italy in the Gabinetto Armonico (1716-23), by the Jesuit Filippo Bonanni who called it strumento nelle Vendemmie. Even though more than a hundred and fifty years have passed, the information given by Bonanni is still of use. In some areas of the south of the peninsula where the instrument is encountered at present, the friction drum remains associated with agricultural ceremonies.…